Read the following text carefully:
Methodology is a system of practices and procedures that a teacher uses to teach. It will be based on beliefs about the nature of language, and how it i s l e a r n t ( k n o w n a s ' a p p r o a c h ' ) . For example, the Grammar Translation, the Audiolingual Method and the Direct Method are clear ______________, with associated practices and procedures, and are each based on different interpretations of the nature of language and language learning.
The word that best completes the paragraph is: