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Ano: 2018Banca: AMAUCOrganização: Prefeitura de Seara - SCDisciplina: Língua InglesaTemas: Sinônimos | Compreensão de Texto
The English language is peculiarly rich in synonyms, as, with such a history, it could not fail to be. The spirit of the Anglo-Saxon race, masterful in language as in war and commerce, has subjugated all these various elements to one idiom, making not a patchwork, but a composite language. Anglo-Saxon thrift, finding often several words that originally expressed the same idea, has detailed them to different parts of the common territory or to different service, so that we have an almost unexampled variety of words, kindred in meaning but distinct in usage, for expressing almost every shade of human thought.
According Cambridge Dictionary (2018), synonyms is a word or phrase that has the same or nearly the same meaning as another word or phrase in the same language: the words "small" and "little" are synonyms.
And antonym is a word that means the opposite of another word: two antonyms of "light" are "dark" and "heavy".
Read carefully what is exposed from I to V.
I- 1) The game was abandoned at half-time because of the poor weather conditions.
2) He decided to forsake politics for journalism. It is impossible to keep both careers at the same time.
II- In my opinion, Julia Roberts is very beautiful! My dad agrees with me, but my mom says that the eternal pretty woman is ugly.
III- The singer has shown exceptional talent over the past two years. Her outstanding performances set a new benchmark for singers throughout the world. However, readers of magazines said they wanted more stories about ordinary people and fewer stories about the rich and famous like this singer.
IV- 1) I wanted a simple black dress, nothing fancy.
2) I like simple food better than fancy dishes.
V- It was an extremely vulgar joke.
Now, read the statements that are made about information I to V (above).
1st) In I, there are the verbs to abandon and to forsake. They are synonyms. To keep is the antonym of them.
2nd) In II, the words beautiful and pretty are synonyms. Ugly is their antonym.
3rd) In III, the word ordinary is the antonym of exceptional. There is not any synonym for exceptional in III.
4th) In IV, simple is the antonym of fancy. It could be replaced by plain, but just in I wanted a simple black dress, nothing fancy.
5th) In V, vulgar could be replaced by coarse or unsuitable.
The correct alternative about the five information above is:
Ano: 2023Banca: UniRV - GOOrganização: Prefeitura de Rio Verde - GODisciplina: Língua InglesaTemas: Sinônimos | Compreensão de Texto | Verbos | Infinitivo e Gerúndio
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I have always quite irrationally prided myself on my good health, for I have only occasionally had to take
a day off work when I have had a cold.
So I was quite offended by my doctor who, when we ran into each other in the street one day, took
one look at me and told me that I was definitely overweight and that if I did not make an effort to lose some
weight, I could expect to have a heart attack before very long. He added that, like many middle-aged men,
I led a completely sedentary life: I sat behind my office desk during the day and relaxed in my armchair in
the evening with my eyes firmly fixed on the television set.
It was true that I had been getting fatter, but this had not worried me much, for I simply attributed
it to the fact that I was getting older.
My doctor advised me to go on a diet immediately, so I tried cutting down on fattening foods, such as potatoes and butter, but without any visible signs of success, for my trouble is that I am very fond of my
food and besides, my wife is an excellent cook. I then decided that it was all a question of exercise, and for
this year’s holiday, I was determined to go somewhere which was conducive to taking exercise and not to
our usual seaside resort, where one is tempted to simply go down to the beach and lie in the sun. (In other
words – L.G. Alexander and Catherine Wilson).
Observe o trecho abaixo retirado do texto e assinale a alternativa incorreta:
“So I was quite offended by my doctor who, when we ran into each other in the street one day, took one
look at me and told me that I was definitely overweight”.
Ano: 2019Banca: Instituto ExcelênciaOrganização: Prefeitura de Lucélia - SPDisciplina: Língua InglesaTemas: Sinônimos
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Ba-room, ba-room, ba-room, baripity, baripity,
baripity, baripity. Good. His dad had the pickup going. He
could get up now. Jess slid out of bed and into his overalls.
He didn't worry about a shirt because once he began
running he would be hot as popping grease even if the
morning air was chill, or shoes because the bottoms of his
feet were by now as tough as his worn-out sneakers.
"Where you going, Jess?" May Belle lifted herself
up sleepily from the double bed where she and Joyce Ann
slept.
"Sh." He warned. The walls were thin. Momma
would he mad as flies in a fruit jar if they woke her up this
time of day.
He patted May Belle's hair and yanked the
twisted sheet up to her small chin. "Just over the cow field,"
he whispered. May Belle smiled and snuggled down under
the sheet.
"Gonna run?"
"Maybe."
Of course he was going to run. He had gotten up
early every day all summer to run. He figured if he worked
at it – and Lord, had he worked – he could be the fastest
runner in the fifth grade when school opened up. He had to
be the fastest – not one of the fastest or next to the fastest,
but the fastest. The very best.
(Excerpt from Bridge to Terabithia, by Katherine Paterson. Available on
https://www.e-reading.club/bookreader.php/135126/Patterson_-
_Bridge_to_Terabithia.pdf)
What could be a synonym for the underlined word?
“He patted May Belle's hair and yanked the twisted
sheet up to her small chin.”
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Text 2 – Computers
(Text adapted from History of Computing. Retrieved from
https://www.cs.utexas.edu/~mitra/csFall2006/cs 303/lectures/history.html)
When you hear the term computers, it’s difficult to
imagine different devices from a laptop or a small
desktop. Believe it or not, they weren’t always like
they are today. They used to be very large and
heavy, sometimes as big as an entire room. Some
technology professors historically define computers,
as “a device that can help with computations”. The
word computation involves counting, calculating,
adding, subtracting, etc. The modern definition of a
computer is a little wider, because in our day and
age, computers store, compile, analyze and
compute an enormous amount of information.
Ancient computers were very interesting. Actually,
the first computer may have been located in Great
Britain, at Stonehenge. It is a man-made circle of
large stones. Citizens used it to measure the
weather and forecast the change of seasons. Some
specialists say that another ancient computer is the
abacus. It was used by the early Romans, Greeks,
and Egyptians to count and calculate. Even though
they are no longer in use, certainly, these early
devices are fascinating. Computers are embedded
in our history and some people say that we are
completely dependent of them. No matter the
complexity of the task, easy or difficult, some people
can’t do anything without them. Do you contest or
share this opinion?
The word “located”, highlighted in the text, has
a meaning equivalent to one of the following
alternatives, check it.
Ano: 2015Banca: Instituto LegatusOrganização: Prefeitura de Pau D'Arco - PIDisciplina: Língua InglesaTemas: Sinônimos
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Read the text and answer questions 22 to 25.
Slowly does it
Feb 19th 2015, 17:34 BY R.L.G. |
BERLIN
LAST week’s
column looked at the long
history of
language declinism: for more than 600
years people
have complained that youngsters cannot
write proper
English anymore, and even ancient Sumerian
schoolmasters worried about the state of
the “scribal art”
in the world’s first written language. Two
universal truths
emerge: languages are always changing, and
older
people always worry that the young are not
taking
proper care of the language.
But what if the sticklers have a
point? Of
course
language always changes, but could
technology (or a
simple increase in youthful insouciance
and lack of
respect for tradition) mean that in some
ages it changes
faster than in others? Is change
accelerating? In this
case, a real problem could arise. Even if
language
change is not harmful, the faster language
changes, the
less new generations will be able to
understand what
their forebears wrote.
The
Middle English quotation in last
week’s column
________ the point for some readers: it is
all but
impenetrable to modern understanding
without special
training. It is, in effect, a foreign
language. Is this a
problem? Perhaps it is too much to expect
writing to stay
fresh on the shelf for 600 years. More
recent writing
holds up quite well. Pupils read
Shakespeare with only
modernised spelling and a bit of help from
teachers. And
Thomas Jefferson and Jane Austen are
perfectly
readable.
But maybe a
greater conservatism would let
modern
readers peer further back in their own
literary history. If
change had been slower, perhaps Chaucer
would be
only as difficult as Shakespeare is to us;
“Beowulf” only
as distant as Chaucer is now. What’s not
to like?
The problem is
that conservatism works
differently on
writing than it does on speech. Writing is
more
permanent, so people choose their words
carefully and
conservatively. It is slow and considered,
so people can
avoid new usages widely seen as mistakes.
It is taught
carefully by adults to children, which
naturally exerts
some conservative drag on the written
language. And it
is often edited, so (say) a young
journalist with a breezy
contemporary style may well be edited to a
more
traditional one by an older editor.
Speech is different: instead of
permanent,
slow,
considered and taught, it is impermanent,
fast,
spontaneous and learned naturally by
children from their
surroundings. Speech will—at almost any
level of linguistic conservatism—change
faster than written
language.
The problem with
overly successful
conservatism then
becomes clear. Speech moves on, writing
does not, and
the two diverge over time. Take just one
example:
English spelling. As with all languages,
the
pronunciation of English has changed a lot
over the
centuries. Spelling has changed much more
slowly.
Thanks to the Great Vowel Shift of the
middle of the last
millennium, English uses vowels
differently from almost
all other European languages. Silent
letters like
the gh in night are a
remnant of an
earlier pronunciation
(a bit like the German nicht).
Other odd
spellings were
intended to keep etymologies clear: a b
was inserted
into debt to show the link with Latin
debitum. Some
linguistic innovations do not make it into
writing at all:
nearly everyone says gonna and
writes
going to.
________ a language pays homage to the
past,
_________modern schoolchildren will find
learning to
write a bit like learning to speak a
foreign tongue.
Which pair of Synonyms is the correct one.
Ano: 2023Banca: Creative GroupOrganização: Prefeitura de Itá - SCDisciplina: Língua InglesaTemas: Sinônimos | Compreensão de Texto | Vocabulário
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The Latest Avatar 3
Adapted from the internet
The latest Avatar 3 updates have confirmed that Captain Mick Scoresby (Brendan Cowell) will return for Avatar 3. This could spell either good news or bad for the next Avatar instalment, as his storyline was similar to Quaritch’s in that it was presumed he bit the dust, only to come back for another sequel. In addition, Zoe Saldana recently gave a filming update while speaking to Entertainment Tonight. While director James Cameron had stated that filming is nearly done for Avatar 3 back in 2020, Saldana reported to ET that the crew was going back to film for the summer, and that the process was “70% done there”.
That being said, conflicting Avatar 3 updates come from a Q&A session with producer John Landau, who said that Avatar 3 and the first act of Avatar 4 were filmed simultaneously with Avatar 2. Either way, the consensus is the sequel is nearly done with the filming process. In the same Q&A, Landau revealed that Avatar 3 will introduce two new Na’vi cultures. "But we're going to meet at least two new clans in the next movie, culturally, and go on and on as we continue that," Landau said. Likely one of these new cultures will be the fire Na’vi, of which Oona Chaplin's Varang will be a part of.
In addition, other Avatar 3 updates have confirmed two major character returns. The first is that of Avatar: The Way of Water's breakout character Payakan, the gentle and intelligent Tulkun. In an interview with The Wrap, Landau confirmed that Payakan would be back for Avatar 3, saying, "I always viewed Payakan a little bit like Lassie. And I would say this is a story like a boy and his dog, and they’re both outcasts, and they need each other." In the same interview, Landau also stated that the Avatar secondary villain Parker Selfridge (Giovanni Ribisi), who was absent for the sequel, would come back in a major way for Avatar 3.
“each other”, underlined in the text (paragraph 3),
can be replaced by _____________ without any
changing of meaning.
Ano: 2021Banca: CESPE / CEBRASPEOrganização: SEDUC-ALDisciplina: Língua InglesaTemas: Vocabulário | Sinônimos
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The history of language study illustrates widely divergent
attitudes concerning the relationship between writing and speech.
Written language was the medium of literature, and, thus, a
source of standards of linguistic excellence. It was felt to provide
language with permanence and authority. The rules of grammar
were, accordingly, illustrated exclusively from written texts.
The everyday spoken language, by contrast, was ignored
or condemned as an object unworthy of study, demonstrating
only lack of care and organization. It was said to have no rules,
and speakers were left under the illusion that, in order to “speak
properly”, it was necessary to follow the “correct” norms, as laid
down in the recognized grammar books and manuals of written
style.
There was sporadic criticism of this viewpoint throughout
the 19th century, but it was not until the 20th century that an
alternative approach became widespread. This approach pointed
out that speech is many thousands of years older than writing;
that it develops naturally in children (whereas writing has to be
artificially taught); and that writing systems are derivative —
mostly based on sounds of speech.
D. Crystal. How Language Works. London: Penguin Books, 2006 (adapted).
Based on the previous text, judge the following item.
The word “thus” (first paragraph) could be correctly replaced
with hitherto.
Ano: 2023Banca: IDCAPOrganização: Prefeitura de Vila Rica - MTDisciplina: Língua InglesaTemas: Vocabulário | Sinônimos
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Stanford Medicine scientists transform cancer cells
into weapons against cancer
March 1, 2023 - By Christopher Vaughan
(1º§) Some cities fight gangs with ex-members who educate kids and starve gangs of new recruits. Stanford
Medicine researchers have done something similar with
cancer — altering cancer cells so that they teach the
body's immune system to fight the very cancer the cells
came from.
(2º§) "This approach could open up an entirely new
therapeutic approach to treating cancer," said Ravi
Majeti, MD, PhD, a professor of hematology and the
study's senior author. The research was published March
1 in Cancer Discovery. The lead author is Miles Linde,
PhD, a former PhD student in immunology who is now at
the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Institute in Seattle.
(3º§) Some of the most promising cancer treatments use
the patient's own immune system to attack the cancer,
often __ taking the brakes off immune responses to
cancer or by teaching the immune system to recognize
and attack the cancer more vigorously. T cells, part of the
immune system that learns to identify and attack new
pathogens such as viruses, can be trained to recognize
specific cancer antigens, which are proteins that
generate an immune response.
(4º§) For instance, in CAR T-cell therapy, T cells are
taken from a patient, programmed to recognize a specific
cancer antigen, then returned to the patient. But there are
many cancer antigens, and physicians sometimes need
to guess which ones will be most potent.
(5º§) A better approach would be to train T cells to
recognize cancer via processes that more closely mimic
the way things naturally occur in the body — like the way
a vaccine teaches the immune system to recognize
pathogens. T cells learn to recognize pathogens because
special antigen presenting cells (APCs) gather pieces of
the pathogen and show them to the T cells in a way that
tells the T cells, "Here is what the pathogen looks like —
go get it."
(6º§) Something similar in cancer would be for APCs to
gather up the many antigens that characterize a cancer
cell. That way, instead of T cells being programmed to
attack one or a few antigens, they are trained to
recognize many cancer antigens and are more likely to
wage a multipronged attack on the cancer.
(7º§) Now that researchers have become adept at
transforming one kind of cell into another, Majeti and his
colleagues had a hunch that if they turned cancer cells
into a type of APC called macrophages, they would be
naturally adept at teaching T cells what to attack.
(8º§) "We hypothesized that maybe cancer cells
reprogrammed into macrophage cells could stimulate T
cells because those APCs carry all the antigens of the
cancer cells they came from," said Majeti, who is also the
RZ Cao Professor, assistant director of the Institute for
Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and
director of the Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell
Research and Medicine.
(9º§) The study builds on prior research from the Majeti
lab showing that cells taken from patients with a type of
acute leukemia could be converted into non-leukemic
macrophages with many of the properties of APCs.
(10º§) In the current study, the researchers programmed
mouse leukemia cells so that some of them could be
induced to transform themselves into APCs. When they
tested their cancer vaccine strategy on the mouse
immune system, the mice successfully cleared the
cancer.
(11º§) "When we first saw the data showing clearance of
the leukemia in the mice __ working immune systems, we were blown away," Majeti said. "We couldn't believe it
worked as well as it did."
(12º§) Other experiments showed that the cells created
from cancer cells were indeed acting as
antigen-presenting cells that sensitized T cells to the
cancer. "What's more, we showed that the immune
system remembered what these cells taught them,"
Majeti said. "When we reintroduced cancer to these mice
over 100 days after the initial tumor inoculation, they still
had a strong immunological response that protected
them."
(13º§) "We wondered, If this works with leukemias, will it
also work with solid tumors?" Majeti said. The team
tested the same approach using mouse fibrosarcoma,
breast cancer, and bone cancer. "The transformation of
cancer cells from solid tumors was not as efficient, but we
still observed positive results," Majeti said. With all three
cancers, the creation of tumor-derived APCs led to
significantly improved survival.
(14º§) Lastly, the researchers returned to the original
type of acute leukemia. When the human leukemia
cell-derived APCs were exposed to human T cells from
the same patient, they observed all the signs that would
be expected if the APCs were indeed teaching the T cells
how to attack the leukemia.
(15º§) "We showed that reprogrammed tumor cells could
lead to a durable and systemic attack on the cancer in
mice and a similar response with human patient immune
cells," Majeti said. "In the future we might be able to take
out tumor cells, transform them into APCs and give them
back to patients as a therapeutic cancer vaccine."
(16º§) "Ultimately, we might be able to inject RNA into
patients and transform enough cells to activate the
immune system against cancer without having to take
cells out first," Majeti said. "That's science fiction __ this
point, but that's the direction we are interested in going."
(17º§) The work was supported by funding from the
Ludwig Foundation for Cancer Research, the Emerson
Collective Cancer Research Fund, the New York Stem
Cell Foundation, the Stinehart-Reed Foundation, the
Leukemia and Lymphoma Society, the J. Benjamin
Eckenhoff Fund, the Blavatnik Family Fellowship, the
Deutsche Forschungsgemainshaft, the Knut and Alice
Wallenberg Foundation, the Stanford Human Biology
Research Exploration Program, the National Institutes of
Health (grant F31CA196029), the American Society of
Hematology, the A.P. Giannini Foundation, and the
Stanford Cancer Institute.
(adapted)
med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2023/03/cancer-hematology.html
PROFESSOR INGLÊS - 1 8
In the context of 8º§, what could be a synonym for
"hypothesized"?
Ano: 2012Banca: Prefeitura do Rio de Janeiro - RJOrganização: CDURPDisciplina: Língua InglesaTemas: Vocabulário | Sinônimos
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Read the following text and answer question based on the text
A Potential Solution: Farm Vertically
The concept of indoor farming is not new, since
hothouse production of tomatoes, a wide variety of
herbs, and other produce has been in vogue for some
time. What is new is the urgent need to scale up this
technology to accommodate another 3 billion people.
An entirely new approach to indoor farming must be
invented, employing cutting edge technologies. The
Vertical Farm must be efficient (cheap to construct and
safe to operate). Vertical farms, many stories high, will
be situated in the heart of the world’s urban centers. If
successfully implemented, they offer the promise of
urban renewal, sustainable production of a safe and
varied food supply (year-round crop production), and
the eventual repair of ecosystems that have been
sacrificed for horizontal farming.
It took humans 10,000 years to learn how to grow
most of the crops we now take for granted. Along the
way, we despoiled most of the land we worked, often
turning verdant, natural ecozones into semi-arid deserts.
Within that same time frame, we evolved into an urban
species, in which 60% of the human population now
lives vertically in cities. This means that, for the majority,
we humans are protected against the elements, yet we
subject our food-bearing plants to the rigors of the great
outdoors and can do no more than hope for a good
weather year. However, more often than not now, due to
a rapidly changing climate regime, that is not what
follows. Massive floods, protracted droughts, class 4-5
hurricanes, and severe monsoons take their toll each
year, destroying millions of tons of valuable crops. Don’t
our harvestable plants deserve the same level of comfort
and protection that we now enjoy? The time is at hand
for us to learn how to safely grow our food inside
environmentally controlled multistory buildings within
urban centers. If we do not, then in just another 50
years, the next 3 billion people will surely go hungry,
and the world will become a much more unpleasant
place in which to live.
(taken from http://www.verticalfarm.com/more)
The best synonym for the expression “more often
than not now” (paragraph 2) in the text is:
Ano: 2023Banca: OBJETIVAOrganização: Prefeitura de Pinto Bandeira - RSDisciplina: Língua InglesaTemas: Vocabulário | Sinônimos
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The intrigue behind the Bermuda Triangle
On a sunny day nearly 80 years ago, five Navy
planes took off from their base in Florida on a _________
training mission, known as Flight 19. Neither the planes nor
the crew were ever seen again. Thus was a legend born. The
Bermuda Triangle is an area roughly bounded by Miami,
Bermuda, and Puerto Rico. No one keeps statistics, but in
the last century, numerous ships and planes have simply
vanished without a trace within the imaginary triangle.
The disappearances have been attributed to the machinations of enormous sea monsters, giant squid, or extra-terrestrials. Alien abductions, the existence of a mysterious third dimension created by unknown beings, and ocean flatulence—the ocean suddenly spewing great quantities of trapped methane—have all been suggested as culprits.
The reality, say many, is far more prosaic. They argue that a sometimes treacherous Mother Nature, human error, shoddy __________________ or design, and just plain bad luck can explain the many disappearances.
"The region is highly traveled and has been a busy crossroads since the early days of European exploration," said John Reilly, a historian with the U.S. Naval Historical Foundation. "To say quite a few ships and airplanes have gone down there is like saying there are an ________ lot of car accidents on the New Jersey Turnpike—surprise, surprise."
(Fonte: National Geographic. — adaptado.)
The underlined word in the 3rd paragraph can be
replaced, without loss of meaning, by:
..