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Drinking coffee could help you live longer Coffee not only helps you feel full of beans, it might add years to your life as well, two major studies have shown. Scientists in Europe and the US have uncovered the clearest evidence yet that drinking coffee reduces the risk of death.
One study of more than half a million people from 10 European countries found that men who downed at least three cups of coffee a day were 18% less likely to die from any cause than non-coffee drinkers. Women drinking the same amount benefited less, but still experienced an 8% reduction in mortality over the period measured.
Similar results were reported by American scientists who conducted a separate investigation, recruiting 185855 participants from different ethnic backgrounds. Irrespective of ethnicity, people who drank two to three cups of coffee daily had an 18% reduced risk of death.
Each of the studies, both published in the journal Annals of Internal Medicine, showed no advantage from drinking either caffeinated or decaffeinated coffee. Experts believe the antioxidant plant compounds in coffee rather than caffeine are responsible for the life-extending effect. Previous research has suggested that drinking coffee can reduce the risk of heart disease, diabetes, liver disease, and some cancers.
Dr Marc Gunter, from the International Agency for Research on Cancer, who led the European study with colleagues from Imperial College London, said: “We found that higher coffee consumption was associated with a lower risk of death from any cause and specifically for circulatory diseases and digestive diseases. Importantly, these results were similar across all of the 10 European countries, with variable coffee drinking habits and customs. Our study also offers important insights into the possible mechanisms for the beneficial health effects of coffee.”
(www.huffingtonpost.co.uk, 11.07.2017. Adaptado.)
In the excerpt from the second paragraph “18% less likely to die”, the word in bold can be replaced, without changing the meaning of the sentence, by
Read the text below and answer the questions that follow.
When is it time to stop studying?
It's 10 p.m. and six government employees are out checking the streets of Seoul, South Korea. But these are not police officers searching for teenagers who are behaving badly. Their mission is to find children who are still studying. And stop them.
Education in South Korea is very competitive. The aim of almost every schoolchild is to get into one of the country’s top universities. Only the students with the best grades get a place. The school day starts at 8 a.m. and the students finish studying somewhere between 10 p.m. and 1 a.m. at night. This is because many go to private academies called hagwon after school. Around 74 percent of all students attend a hagwon after their regular classes finish. A year’s course costs, on average, $2,600 per student. In Seoul, there are more private tutors than schoolteachers, and the most popular ones make millions of dollars a year from online and in-person classes. Most parents rely on private tutoring to get their children into a university.
With so much time spent in the classroom, all that students in South Korean high schools do is study and sleep. Some of them are so exhausted that they cannot stay awake the next day at school. It is a common sight to see a teacher explaining the lesson while a third of the students are asleep on their desks. The teachers don’t seem to mind. There are even special pillows for sale that fit over the arms of the chairs to make sleeping in class more comfortable. Ironically, the students spend class time sleeping so that they can stay up late studying that night.
The South Korean government has been aware of the faults in the system for some time, but now they have passed some reforms. Today, schoolteachers have to meet certain standards or take additional training courses.
However, the biggest challenge for the government is the hagwons. Hagwons have been banned from having classes after 10 p.m., which is why there are street patrols searching for children who are studying after that time. If they find any in class, the owner of the hagwon is punished and the students are sent home. It's a strange world, where some children have to be told to stop studying while others are reluctant to start.
Adapted from: LATHAM-KOENIG, Christina & OXENDEN, Clive. American English File 3 - Workbook. 2"“ edition. Oxford: OUP, 2014.
Ano: 2025Banca: CETREDEOrganização: Prefeitura de São Benedito - CEDisciplina: Língua InglesaTemas: Sinônimos
Read Text II and answer question
TEXT II
Uses of AI in Education
In May 2023, the U.S. Department of Education released a
report titled Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Teaching and
Learning: Insights and Recommendations. The department had
conducted listening sessions in 2022 with more than 700 people,
including educators and parents, to gauge their views on AI. The
report noted that “constituents believe that action is required now
in order to get ahead of the expected increase of AI in education
technology – and they want to roll up their sleeves and start
working together.” People expressed anxiety about “future
potential risks” with AI but also felt that “AI may enable achieving
educational priorities in better ways, at scale, and with lower
costs.
AI could serve – or is already serving – in several teachingand-learning roles, for instance:
instructional assistants: AI’s ability to conduct human-like
conversations opens up possibilities for adaptive tutoring or
instructional assistants that can help explain difficult concepts to
students. AI-based feedback systems can offer constructive
critiques on student writing, which can help students fine-tune
their writing skills. Some research also suggests certain kinds of
prompts can help children generate more fruitful questions about
learning. AI models might also support customized learning for
students with disabilities and provide translation for English
language learners; and teaching assistants: AI might tackle some
of the administrative tasks that keep teachers from investing more
time with their peers or students. Early uses include automated
routine tasks such as drafting lesson plans, creating differentiated
materials, designing worksheets, developing quizzes, and
exploring ways of explaining complicated academic materials. AI
can also provide educators with recommendations to meet
student needs and help teachers reflect, plan, and improve their
practice.
Along with these potential benefits come some difficult
challenges and risks the education community must navigate. For
example, both teachers and students face the risk of becoming
overly reliant on AI-driven technology. For students, this could
stifle learning, especially the development of critical thinking. This
challenge extends to educators as well. While AI can expedite
lesson-plan generation, speed does not equate to quality.
Teachers may be tempted to accept the initial AI-generated
content rather than devote time to reviewing and refining it for
optimal educational value.
In light of these challenges, the Department of Education has
stressed the importance of keeping “humans in the loop” when
using AI, particularly when the output might be used to inform a
decision. As the department encouraged in its 2023 report,
teachers, learners, and others need to retain their agency. AI
cannot “replace a teacher, a guardian, or an education leader as
the custodian of their students’ learning,” the report stressed.
Adapted from: https://www.educationnext.org/a-i-in-education-leap-into-new-eramachine-intelligence-carries-risks-challenges-promises/
All the words below are synonyms of “stifle”, EXCEPT:
Ano: 2019Banca: IPEFAEOrganização: Prefeitura de Campos do Jordão - SPDisciplina: Língua InglesaTemas: Sinônimos
What’s the correct synonym for the underlined
word.
To sharp a sword, grind it against a rough stone.
Ano: 2013Banca: CESPE / CEBRASPEOrganização: FUNASADisciplina: Língua InglesaTemas: Vocabulário | Sinônimos | Conjunções e Conectivos
1 The difficulty for health policy makers the world overis
this: it is simply not possible to promote healthier lifestyles
through presidential decree or through being overprotective
4 towards people and the way they choose to live. Recent history
has proved that one-size-fits-all solutions are no good when
public health challenges vary from one area of the country to
7 the next. But we cannot sit back while, in spite of all this, so
many people are suffering such severe lifestyle-driven ill health
and such acute health inequalities.
Internet: <www.gov.uk> (adapted).
this: it is simply not possible to promote healthier lifestyles
through presidential decree or through being overprotective
4 towards people and the way they choose to live. Recent history
has proved that one-size-fits-all solutions are no good when
public health challenges vary from one area of the country to
7 the next. But we cannot sit back while, in spite of all this, so
many people are suffering such severe lifestyle-driven ill health
and such acute health inequalities.
Internet: <www.gov.uk> (adapted).
In the text above,
the expression “in spite of all this” (l.7) could be replaced correctly by despite of all this
the expression “in spite of all this” (l.7) could be replaced correctly by despite of all this
Ano: 2013Banca: CESPE / CEBRASPEOrganização: FUNASADisciplina: Língua InglesaTemas: Vocabulário | Sinônimos
1 The difficulty for health policy makers the world overis
this: it is simply not possible to promote healthier lifestyles
through presidential decree or through being overprotective
4 towards people and the way they choose to live. Recent history
has proved that one-size-fits-all solutions are no good when
public health challenges vary from one area of the country to
7 the next. But we cannot sit back while, in spite of all this, so
many people are suffering such severe lifestyle-driven ill health
and such acute health inequalities.
Internet: <www.gov.uk> (adapted).
this: it is simply not possible to promote healthier lifestyles
through presidential decree or through being overprotective
4 towards people and the way they choose to live. Recent history
has proved that one-size-fits-all solutions are no good when
public health challenges vary from one area of the country to
7 the next. But we cannot sit back while, in spite of all this, so
many people are suffering such severe lifestyle-driven ill health
and such acute health inequalities.
Internet: <www.gov.uk> (adapted).
In the text above,
the adjective “one-size-fits-all” (l.5) means long-term and drastic
the adjective “one-size-fits-all” (l.5) means long-term and drastic
Ano: 2019Banca: FEPESEOrganização: ABEPRODisciplina: Língua InglesaTemas: Sinônimos | Compreensão de Texto
Text
Operations management is important. It is concerned
with creating the products and services upon which
we all depend. And creating products and services is
the very reason for any organization’s existence, whether that organization be large or small, manufacturing or service, for profit or not profit. Thankfully, most
companies have now come to understand the importance of operations. This is because they have realized
that effective operations management gives the
potential to improve revenues and, at the same time,
enables goods and services to be produced more
efficiently. It is this combination of higher revenues
and lower costs which is understandably important to
any organization.
Operations management is also exciting. It is at the
center of so many of the changes affecting the business world – changes in customer preference, changes
in supply networks brought about by internet-based
technologies, changes in what we want to do at work,
how we want to work, and so on. There has rarely
been a time when operations management was more
topical or more at the heart of business and cultural
shifts.
Operations management is also challenging. Promoting the creativity which will allow organizations to
respond to so many changes is becoming the prime
task of operations managers. It is they who must find
the solutions to technological and environmental
challenges, the pressures to be socially responsible,
the increasing globalization of markets and the difficult-to-define areas of knowledge management.
Choose the alternative with the correct synonym
of the word word Thankfully in “Thankfully, most companies have now come to…”.
TEXT II
Like Castles In An Aquarium, Offshore Drilling Platforms Are Sprawling With Residents
Just beneath the ocean’s surface, there’s an unseen world that most people will never have the opportunity to witness firsthand. A place where nature and mankind have struck a balance – a mutual respect, a friendship of sorts.
Offshore drilling platforms have become home to vast communities of sea life. Florid carpets of coral encrust their massive pylons, along with sponge, sea urchins, crabs, and snails. Swimming in the sanctuary of their enormous risers are schools of rockfish, bright orange garibaldi and angel fish. And splashing about on the surface is the occasional sea lion.
Now scientists have confirmed what some had suspected all along. Most of the sea life was actually created at the rig rather than having come from other parts of the ocean and settled there, according to the National Academy of Sciences. And fish that would otherwise perish in vast expanses of open ocean, settle within the safety of the structures.
Like castles in an aquarium, offshore platforms are sprawling with underwater residents. Scientists say these are the richest marine ecosystems on the entire planet. They are even more productive than coral reefs and estuaries, according to marine biologists.
The first thing anyone – trained scientist or casual recreational diver – notices around a rig is the big fish -- lots of them, say marine researchers and divers, alike.
For a decade and a half, researchers used submersibles to survey fish at 16 different platforms. When the researchers tabulated the data, they were surprised to discover that, by one standard, California’s oil rigs are among the most productive marine habitats ever recorded.
At the end of their production, however, the offshore rigs must be decommissioned. Scientific insight is adding momentum to efforts to convert some of these rigs into artificial reefs […].
(From http://thesurge.com/stories/like-castles-aquarium-offshore-drilling-platformssprawling-residents. Accessed July 18th, 2017)
In “the offshore rigs must be decommissioned”, the underlined verb is a synonym of:
Read the text below and choose the correct option in question.
Artificial intelligence
By B.J. Copeland
Artificial intelligence (AI) is the ability of a digital computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks commonly associated with intelligent beings. The term is frequently applied to the project of developing systems endowed with the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as the ability to reason, discover meaning, generalize, or learn from past experience. Since their development in the 1940s, digital computers have been programmed to carry out very complex tasks – such as discovering proofs for mathematical theorems or playing chess – with great proficiency. Despite continuing advances in computer processing speed and memory capacity, there are as yet no programs that can match full human flexibility over wider domains or in tasks requiring much everyday knowledge. On the other hand, some programs have attained the performance levels of human experts and professionals in executing certain specific tasks, so that artificial intelligence in this limited sense is found in applications as diverse as medical diagnosis, computer search engines, voice or handwriting recognition, and chatbots.
All but the simplest human behavior is ascribed to intelligence, while even the most complicated insect behavior is usually not taken as an indication of intelligence. What is the difference? Consider the behavior of the digger wasp, Sphex ichneumoneus. When the female wasp returns to her burrow with food, she first deposits it on the threshold, checks for intruders inside her burrow, and only then, if the coast is clear, carries her food inside. The real nature of the wasp’s instinctual behavior is revealed if the food is moved a few inches away from the entrance to her burrow while she is inside: on emerging, she will repeat the whole procedure as often as the food is displaced. Intelligence conspicuously absent in the case of the wasp must include the ability to adapt to new circumstances.
Psychologists generally characterize human intelligence not by just one trait but by the combination of many diverse abilities. Research in AI has focused chiefly on the following components of intelligence: learning, reasoning, problem solving, perception, and using language.
(Adapted from: https://www.britannica.com/technology/artificial-intelligence)
In the sentence “Despite continuing advances in computer processing speed and memory capacity [...].” the word
“despite” could be correctly replaced by the following synonym:
Background
The Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program (NNPP) started in 1948. Since that time, the NNPP has provided safe and effective propulsion systems to power submarines, surface combatants, and aircraft carriers. Today, nuclear propulsion enables virtually undetectable US Navy submarines, including the sea-based leg of the strategic triad, and provides essentially inexhaustible propulsion power independent of forward logistical support to both our submarines and aircraft carriers. Over forty percent of the Navy's major combatant ships are nuclear-powered, and because of their demonstrated safety and reliability, these ships have access to seaports throughout the world. The NNPP has consistently sought the best way to affordably meet Navy requirements by evaluating, developing, and delivering a variety of reactor types, fuel systems, and structural materials. The Program has investigated many different fuel systems and reactor design features, and has designed, built, and operated over thirty different reactor designs in over twenty plant types to employ the most promising of these developments in practical applications. Improvements in naval reactor design have allowed increased power and energy to keep pace with the operational requirements of the modern nuclear fleet, while maintaining a conservative design approach that ensures reliability and safety to the crew, the public, and the environment. As just one example of the progress that has been made, the earliest reactor core designs in the NAUTILUS required refueling after about two years while modern reactor cores can last the life of a submarine, or over thirty years without refueling. These improvements have been the result of prudent, conservative engineering, backed by analysis, testing, and prototyping. The NNPP was also a pioneer in developing basic technologies and transferring technology to the civilian nuclear electric power industry. For example, the Program demonstrated the feasibility of commercial nuclear power generation in this country by designing, constructing and operating the Shipping port Atomic Power Station in Pennsylvania and showing the feasibility of a thorium-based breeder reactor.
In: Report on Low Enriched Uranium for Naval Reactor Cores. Page 1. Report to Congress, January 2014. Office of Naval Reactors. US Dept. of Energy. DC 2058 http://fissilematerials.org/library/doe14.pdf
The Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program (NNPP) started in 1948. Since that time, the NNPP has provided safe and effective propulsion systems to power submarines, surface combatants, and aircraft carriers. Today, nuclear propulsion enables virtually undetectable US Navy submarines, including the sea-based leg of the strategic triad, and provides essentially inexhaustible propulsion power independent of forward logistical support to both our submarines and aircraft carriers. Over forty percent of the Navy's major combatant ships are nuclear-powered, and because of their demonstrated safety and reliability, these ships have access to seaports throughout the world. The NNPP has consistently sought the best way to affordably meet Navy requirements by evaluating, developing, and delivering a variety of reactor types, fuel systems, and structural materials. The Program has investigated many different fuel systems and reactor design features, and has designed, built, and operated over thirty different reactor designs in over twenty plant types to employ the most promising of these developments in practical applications. Improvements in naval reactor design have allowed increased power and energy to keep pace with the operational requirements of the modern nuclear fleet, while maintaining a conservative design approach that ensures reliability and safety to the crew, the public, and the environment. As just one example of the progress that has been made, the earliest reactor core designs in the NAUTILUS required refueling after about two years while modern reactor cores can last the life of a submarine, or over thirty years without refueling. These improvements have been the result of prudent, conservative engineering, backed by analysis, testing, and prototyping. The NNPP was also a pioneer in developing basic technologies and transferring technology to the civilian nuclear electric power industry. For example, the Program demonstrated the feasibility of commercial nuclear power generation in this country by designing, constructing and operating the Shipping port Atomic Power Station in Pennsylvania and showing the feasibility of a thorium-based breeder reactor.
In: Report on Low Enriched Uranium for Naval Reactor Cores. Page 1. Report to Congress, January 2014. Office of Naval Reactors. US Dept. of Energy. DC 2058 http://fissilematerials.org/library/doe14.pdf
Read the passage taken of the text below.
“The Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program (NNPP) started in 1948. Since that time, the NNPP has provided safe and effective propulsion systems to power submarines, surface combatants, and aircraft carriers. Today, nuclear propulsion enables virtually undetectable US Navy submarines, including the sea-based leg of the strategic triad, and provides essentially inexhaustible propulsion power independent of forward logistical support to both our submarines and aircraft carriers.”
Choose the alternative in which the words can properly substitute the ones in bold and underlined, respectively.
“The Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program (NNPP) started in 1948. Since that time, the NNPP has provided safe and effective propulsion systems to power submarines, surface combatants, and aircraft carriers. Today, nuclear propulsion enables virtually undetectable US Navy submarines, including the sea-based leg of the strategic triad, and provides essentially inexhaustible propulsion power independent of forward logistical support to both our submarines and aircraft carriers.”
Choose the alternative in which the words can properly substitute the ones in bold and underlined, respectively.
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