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NASA’s Nuclear Frontier: The Plum Brook Reactor Facility
There are three main types of nuclear reactors: power, research, and test. Research and test reactors as scientific tools are more common than most people realize. While power reactors frequently appear in newspaper headlines and are conspicuous because of their size and power, research reactors can be quietly tucked away, even in the midst of a college campus. Power reactors generate heat, which can easily be converted to other useable forms of energy, such as electricity. Research reactors operate at very low thermal power levels – so low, in fact, that they do not even require any type of forced cooling. They are used to measure nuclear parameters and other characteristics, which can then be used to build other reactors or to design experiments for test reactors. Test reactors are more powerful than research reactors and are able to produce much more intense radiation fields. Though they are still much less powerful than the power reactors, they generate enough heat to require a closed-loop forced-circulation coolant system. This system will remove the heat from the reactor by transferring it to a secondary cooling system, which releases it into the atmosphere through cooling towers.
NASA’s Nuclear Frontier: The Plum Brook Reactor Facility. Pages 36 to 40.
Read the sentence below taken from the text.
“Though they are still much less powerful than the power reactors, they generate enough heat to require a closed-loop forced-circulation coolant system.”
Choose the alternative that presents a word or expression that can susbtitute the bold and underlined one above, considering the context and without changing meaning.