Texto associado Instruction: Answer questions 31 to 40 based on the following text.
Memory hacks to make you smarter
No matter how smart you think you are, the chances are that you sometimes fail to make the most of your memory. A series of surveys have shown most students fail to use proven methods of learning _________, instead wasting their time on ineffective methods. One of the problems is that we often receive a lot of conflicting information from parents, teachers, and scientists, so that we are unsure what works and what doesn’t. Fortunately, a new paper, published in one of the top psychology journals, has examined the biggest misconceptions, with a list of the most popular study strategies, the potential pitfalls, and the ways that they can use them more effectively. Strategy 1 : Rereading : Learning new vocabulary? The most common strategy is to read the words and their meanings until they stick. Unfortunately, psychologists believe that it is too passive, meaning that most of the information fails to leave an impression. Memory hack: Space your reading : Passive rereading is probably the least effective study method, but it may sometimes feel inevitable if you feel like you lack a basic understanding of the concepts. You can make better use of those sessions, however, by ensuring that you return to the material at regular intervals. You might read a chapter, move on to something else, and then re-read it after an hour, a day, or a week to help stimulate the memory. You can also benefit from questioning your understanding before you return to the material, which helps tune your attention on the bits you do and don’t know and increases your mental engagement. Strategy 2 : Underlining and highlighting: Like rereading, this study technique is nearly ubiquitous. The idea makes sense: the process of underlining key words and phrases should help you to engage more with the information, and it makes it easier to identify the most important passages later on. Although it can be more effective than passive rereading, underlining and highlighting often fail to work, with most students __________ marking up almost every paragraph without much discernment. Memory hack: Pause to think: Instead, the scientists suggest that you read the text once through cold, and then mark up the relevant passages on the second pass. By forcing you to think more carefully about each point and its relative importance in the overall argument, this encourages the more active processing that is essential for the formation of stronger memories. Strategy 3: Note-taking . Visit any lecture theatre or library and you will find students ________ copying the most important facts into their notebooks. Like underlining and highlighting, the problems come when you fail to be judicious about the material you are including. Your overenthusiasm – and propensity to include everything that is mentioned – can easily become a vice. Memory hack : Be concise. Experiments have shown that the fewer words students use to express an idea in their notes, the more likely they are to remember it afterwards. This is probably because creating summaries and paraphrasing force you to think deeply about the nub of the idea you are trying to express – and that additional effort cements it in your memory. These findings may also explain why it is better to take notes with a pen and paper, rather than using a laptop: writing by hand is slower than typing and forces you to be more concise in what you note down.
(Source: http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20180904-five-memory-hacks-to-make-you-smarter - Adapted)
According to the text, analyze some methods of learning checking if they are ineffective:
I. Some methods of learning are ineffective because we receive conflicting information about what works.
II. One of the main reasons that traditional learning techniques fail is because they tend to be too passive.
III. The best way to learn is to engage with different methods at the same time, instead of relying on only one.
Which ones are correct?