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Compensatory Strategies
A common set of communication devices involves
compensation for missing knowledge. These are called
“compensatory strategies”. We will elaborate here on three
of them.
Typical of beginning-level learners, for example, is
the memorization of certain phrases or sentences without
internalized knowledge of their components. These memorized
chunks of language, known as prefabricated patterns, include
“on the way to”, “Nice to meet you”, “I don’t speak English.”
Prefabricated patterns are sometimes the source of some fun.
In my first days of Kikongo learning in Africa, I tried to say, in
Kikongo, “I don’t know Kikongo” to those who attempted to
converse with me; I later discovered that, instead of saying
“Kizeyi Kikongo ko”, I had said “Kizoiele Kikongo ko” (I don’t
like Kikongo).
Code-switching is the use of a first or third language
within a stream of speech in the second language. Learners
in the early stages of acquisition might code-switch—use
their native language to fill in missing knowledge—whether
the hearer knows that native language or not. Sometimes the
learner slips in just a word or two, in the hope that the hearer
will get the gist of what is being communicated.
Yet another common compensatory strategy is a direct
appeal for help, often termed appeal to authority. Learners
may, if stuck for a particular word or phrase, directly ask a
proficient speaker or the teacher for the form (“How do you
say ?”). Or they might venture a possible guess
and then ask for verification from the proficient speaker. They
might also appeal to a bilingual dictionary for help. The latter
case can also produce some rather amusing situations. Once
a student of English as a second language, when asked to
introduce himself to the class and the teacher, said, “Allow me
to introduce myself and tell you some of the ...” At this point
he quickly got out his pocket dictionary and, finding the word
he wanted, continued, “some of the headlights of my past.”
(H. Douglas Brown. Disponível em: Principles of
language learning and teaching, 2006. Adaptado)