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The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
reports that once water is contaminated, it is difficult, costly,
and often impossible to remove the pollutants. Currently, 80%
of global wastewater goes untreated, and is contaminated by
a wide range of substances, from human waste to highly toxic
industrial discharges. The type and amount of pollutants in
freshwater determines its suitability for human uses such as
drinking, bathing, and agriculture.
Pollution of freshwater ecosystems can also impact the
habitat and quality of life of fish and other wildlife. This can
include pathogens (largely from human and animal waste),
organic matter (including nutrients from agricultural run-off
such as nitrogen or phosphorus), chemical pollution (from
irrigation, domestic wastewater and runoff of mines into
rivers) and salinity. Plastics, and chemicals of emerging
concern, such as certain pharmaceutical products, are issues
for which their extent and impacts on freshwater are largely
unknown. A preliminary assessment of water quality in rivers
in Latin America, Africa and Asia, “A Snapshot of the World’s
Water Quality” (Ringler, et al., 2016), estimated that severe
pathogenic pollution affects around one third of all rivers,
severe organic pollution around one seventh of all rivers, and
severe and moderate salinity pollution around one-tenth of all
rivers in these regions.
(UNDRR, “Pollution”. Disponível em: www.undrr.org/
understanding-disaster-risk/terminology/hips/tl0028#:~:text=Pollution%20
is%20defined%20as%20the,UN%20data%2C%20n o%20date. Adaptado)