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Carmen Miranda
When Carmen Miranda performed, audiences remarked
on her vivacity and sparkle. Her voice and stage
presence captivated people and made her a favorite star,
first in Brazil, and later in the United States. Miranda was
born in 1909 in northern Portugal, but her family
immigrated to Brazil when she was very young. She
began her career as a singer for Brazilian radio stations,
but she very quickly leapt to stardom, and began acting
in movies as well. Her fame and talent caught the
attention of a Broadway theater owner and producer, Lee
Shubert. He convinced her to join his 1939 production of
The Streets of Paris and, with the support of the Brazilian
government, Miranda and her band went to New York
City as goodwill ambassadors to the United States.
Carmen Miranda was highly successful in the United
States, and in addition to major theater appearances, she
acted in movies and sang in nightclubs. At the peak of
her Hollywood career, she was the highest paid female
performer in the United States. However, her success
came with drawbacks. Her first major role in a Hollywood
film was as an exotic, volatile stereotype of a Latina, and
thereafter she was typically typecast in such roles. Her
parts often genericized Latin American cultures and
played to stereotypes. This was very well received by
American audiences, and fed the interests of the United
States' Good Neighbor policy in the 1940s, but it angered
critics in South and Central America. On a return trip
home to Brazil in 1940, she was poorly received, and was
actually booed off a stage at a charity event she
arranged, a drastic change from the adoration she was
given before her departure for America. She did not
return to Brazil until shortly before she died in 1955.
Miranda's greatest legacy, perhaps, is the popularization
of the samba. The samba was created by Afro-Latin
American musicians with roots in the Carnival
celebrations that blended European Catholic traditions
with African ones. It was created and originally played in
poorer Afro-Latin communities but was increasingly
picked up by middle class performers. Miranda was
sometimes criticized by whites for performing a form of
music they considered vulgar because of its origins, while
Afro-Latin Americans have criticized her for appropriating
their musical traditions without regard for their culture.
Nonetheless, her talent was considerable, and her fame
brought samba into the spotlight with her. Miranda
popularized the samba first in Brazil on the radio and in
films, and later in the United States with her
performances there, and the samba has had
considerable influences on a wide range of musicians
and musical forms since.
https://www.si.edu/spotlight/latin-music-legends-stamps/carmen-mirand
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