Read the statements below and choose the alternative that is in
line with Duboc (2016) as regards language assessment:
1. Punishment is replaced by the understanding of the reasons
of certain performances in order to improve students'
learning as well as the teacher's choices;
2. The act of evaluating is more collaborative, mediated, more
public, and more horizontal;
3. Formal moments of assessment are most desirable rather
than more informal ones, such as self-evaluation.
(translated from DUBOC 2016, pp.57-80.)