According to Block (1992), there is now no more
debate on "whether reading is a bottom-up, languagebased process or a top-down, knowledge-based
process." It is also no more problematic to accept the
influence of background knowledge on both L1 and L2
readers. Research has gone even further to define the
control readers execute on their ability to understand a
text.
This control, Block (1992) has referred to as