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Ano: 2023Banca: SELECONOrganização: SEDUC-MTDisciplina: Língua InglesaTemas: Presente Perfeito | Verbos
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TEXT:
How do people overcome fossilization and achieve nativelike fluency in second language acquisition?
There are a lot of common misconceptions about fossilization
and language development. It's impossible to correct all of them
in a post here, but I'll address a few that have been mentioned
below.
Fossilization is a stage at which a second language speaker
seems to cease making progress toward becoming more targetlike in his or her use of the language, so a "learning plateau" is a
reasonable analogy. The comparison wherein "the L2 learner has
his own linguistic system" that's still influenced by L1 and other
things is known as the "interlanguage." The question researchers
cannot conclusively answer is whether or not that "plateau" is
reversible after a certain point, be it age, fluency level, etc., in
order to start making progress again.
Different people are motivated by different things, which range
from need (to pass a test, to get a job, to watch movies without
subtitles, to make friends, etc.) to learning style (preferring to
study from texts, liking/disliking impromptu, small-talk with people
just to practice, preference for/against learning formal rules, and
aptitude). It is easy to remember verb conjugations. There is no
single formula.
Finding someone who can correct your errors tactfully and
effectively most certainly does not need to be demotivating,
depressing or draining whatsoever. I'm a very fluent non-native
speaker of Spanish, and I actively request that my native speaker
(NS) friends correct me when I make a mistake, or use a phrase
that sounds funny in their dialect, etc. How else will I learn?
It's fascinating to learn little details like that now after so many
years. As long as they don't do it in a mocking or condescending
way, or at a socially inappropriate time, why wouldn't I want their
help? Of course, if you correct a beginner every time they try to
utter a sentence, it could be discouraging - and obnoxious - but
everything in moderation.
One of the biggest cognitive challenges is whether or not L2
speakers can learn to consciously notice differences between
their L2 efforts and the way a NS talks. There are decades of
research on this (my own included) and I'll gladly give references
if anyone actually cares. Noticing falls into two broad categories.
First, the ability to "notice the gap," i.e. hear a NS say a
sentence and think, "Hmm, I understand what he meant but I've
never heard that word before; it must mean ___" or "I know what
he meant but it would not have occurred to me to say it that
way; I'll try to remember that for later." The second is the ability
to "notice the hole," i.e. when the L2 learner is trying to speak/
write and realizes that his "interlanguage" lacks a word, sound or
structure needed to accurately convey his own thought. If he can
seek the input necessary to fill the hole, he has a much stronger
chance of acquiring it. The thought processes involved during
that moment are holding the forms (or lack thereof) in working
memory, and the longer it stays there for further processing, the
greater the possibility that it is retained in long-term memory for
later use. The NS interlocutor can help promote noticing through
corrective feedback (also a subject of decades of research, for
which I'm also happy to provide resources if anyone is genuinely
interested.)
I have been using a variety of strategies for years as a language
coach when working with my clients, whether helping IT executives
from India and Egypt learn to write more grammatically accurate
e-mail or helping priests from Nigeria improve prosodic aspects
of their pronunciation (i.e. stress and intonation patterns.)
Each person is different. I have found no evidence to support
the argument that a person who has fossilized cannot begin to
make progress again toward a more target-like L2 use at least
in some areas, with the right motivation, input and effort. The
question is only about how much progress, in what areas, in
how much time, and through what methods.
Adapted form: https://www.quora.com/How-do-people-overcome-fossilization-andachieve-native-like-fluency-in-second-language-acquisition
Acesso em 22/09/2023
Dentre as frases abaixo, todas retiradas do texto, aquela
que pode ser reescrita no presente perfeito, sem que haja
alteração no significado, é:
Ano: 2020Banca: INSTITUTO AOCPOrganização: Prefeitura de Cariacica - ESDisciplina: Língua InglesaTemas: Presente Perfeito | Presente Simples | Verbos
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Dr. Dweck’s research into growth mindset
changed education forever
Over 30 years ago, Carol Dweck and her colleagues became interested in students' attitudes about failure. They noticed that some students rebounded while other students seemed devastated by even the smallest setbacks. After studying the behavior of thousands of children, Dr. Dweck coined the terms fixed mindset and growth mindset to describe the underlying beliefs people have about learning and intelligence. When students believe they can get smarter, they understand that effort makes them stronger. Therefore they put in extra time and effort, and that leads to higher achievement.
Recent advances in neuroscience have shown us
that the brain is far more malleable than we ever
knew. Research on brain plasticity has shown how
connectivity between neurons can change with
experience. With practice, neural networks grow
new connections, strengthen existing ones, and
build insulation that speeds transmission of
impulses. These neuroscientific discoveries have
shown us that we can increase our neural growth
by the actions we take, such as using good
strategies, asking questions, practicing, and
following good nutrition and sleep habits. […]
So the researchers asked, “Can we change
mindsets? And if so, how?” This began a series of
interventions and studies that prove we can indeed
change a person’s mindset from fixed to growth,
and when we do, it leads to increased motivation
and achievement. For example, 7th graders who
were taught that intelligence is malleable and
shown how the brain grows with effort showed a
clear increase in math grades.
In addition to teaching kids about malleable
intelligence, researchers started noticing that
teacher practice has a big impact on student
mindset, and the feedback that teachers give their
students can either encourage a child to choose a
challenge and increase achievement or look for an
easy way out. For example, studies on different
kinds of praise have shown that telling children
they are smart encourages a fixed mindset,
whereas praising hard work and effort cultivates a
growth mindset. When students have a growth
mindset, they take on challenges and learn from
them, therefore increasing their abilities and
achievement. […].
Source: https://www.mindsetworks.com/science/.Access:02/12/2019)
Observe the following sentences taken from the text:
I. Recent advances in neuroscience have shown us that the brain is far more malleable than we ever knew.
II. Research on brain plasticity has shown how connectivity between neurons can change with experience.
Mark what is CORRECT about verb tenses in the above sentences:
Ano: 2021Banca: FAPECOrganização: SAD-MSDisciplina: Língua InglesaTemas: Presente Perfeito | Futuro Simples | Presente Simples | Verbos | Passado Simples | Futuro Perfeito
Choose one of the alternatives.
Castiel: "I'm almost dozing off. I can’t sleep, I
need to wake up!"
Pearl: "I will get for you some coffee."
Ano: 2017Banca: IBFCOrganização: SEDUC-MTDisciplina: Língua InglesaTemas: Presente Perfeito | Verbos | Passado Perfeito Contínuo
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From question 53 to 63, choose the CORRECT answers to
fll in the blanks.
Anne to Sanjay: “I’ve been running 10 kilometers
everyday”.
Sanjay to Stef: “Anne says she __________ 10
kilometers everyday, but I bet she can go further. That
girl is a machine!”
Ano: 2020Banca: NUCEPEOrganização: Prefeitura de Timon - MADisciplina: Língua InglesaTemas: Presente Perfeito | Verbos
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Answers the question according to the text below.
TEXT VI
Why are animals important to human beings?
There are a number of reasons why animals are important to human beings. The main
reason is that animals benefit us personally, socially and economically.
Since the time of our cavemen ancestors, there have been interactions between humans and
animals. Animals can be our friends, companions, protectors, benefactors and comforters.
Research studies indicate that people who own pets and have close bond with them have
higher self-esteem. They are also generally happier and healthier. There are many reported
cases in which pets protected their owners and family members. In the United States, a pet
dog alerted its owners that their babysitter was abusive. A couple who hired a babysitter to
take care of their baby noticed that their pet dog was aggressive to the babysitter. Upon
investigation, they discovered that their child was abused by the babysitter.
Animals provide many other benefits to humans. Insulin, a hormone in our body which
controls the amount of sugar absorbed by our blood, could not be artificially produced
previously. It had to be derived from cows and pigs. Nowadays, even though animal
insulin has largely been replaced by artificial human insulin, the former is still available on
prescription. Trained guide dogs are available to serve as loyal companions and ‘pairs of
eyes’ for the blind. In the past, hunters took along hunting dogs to track, sniff out and catch
wild game. When night fell, the canines were the hunters’ companions and protectors. In
rehabilitation centers, animals are used to help the sick recover. For instance, petting a
pony helps to lift a sick child’s spirit.
Throughout history, animals have helped humans. We use animals to work for us. In the
agricultural sector, oxen pull ploughs before seeds are planted in the soil. We use horses
for transportation purposes. They pull carriages and covered wagons for us. Even though
oxen and horses are rarely used for farming and travelling purposes respectively today, the
horses are still being used for riding and racing. They are also used to participate in
contests in order to win awards. Farmers depend on animals such as cattle, poultry, sheep,
goats, among others, for their horses are rarely used for farming and travelling purposes
respectively today, the horses are still being used for riding and racing. They sell the
animals’ meat, milk and eggs to earn money. In the fishing industry, although the use of
modern equipment and technology have replaced the use of animals to catch fish,
fishermen in some parts of the world still use animals like dolphins, otters and cormorants
for the purpose.
Another indirectly way in which animals help us is that they assist in the reproduction of a
variety of fruit and vegetable crops, which are an important part of our healthy diet.
Without animals to help disperse seeds and pollinate plants, many of them would have
become extinct.
In conclusion, animals are important to human beings because they benefit us socially,
personally as well as economically. Since they are of great benefit to us, we should treat
them well.
https://english312.com/why-are-animals-important-to-human-beings.html
In the sentence: “Throughout history, animals HAVE HELPED humans.” (line 20), the highlighted expression is
in the:
Ano: 2021Banca: IBFCOrganização: SEED - RRDisciplina: Língua InglesaTemas: Verbos | Presente Perfeito
Leia as frases apresentadas abaixo e
identifique em que tempo verbal elas se
encontram:
I. He has just gone out;
II. I have read the intructions
III. I have been working;
IV. I have letters to write.
Assinale a alternativa que indique somente
frases que estão no presente perfeito.
Ano: 2024Banca: Instituto AccessOrganização: Prefeitura de São João do Ivaí - PRDisciplina: Língua InglesaTemas: Voz Ativa e Voz Passiva | Presente Perfeito | Verbos
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Who wants a therapist who’s robotic? But a robot therapist?
Imagine feeling overwhelmed and in need of someone to talk to, but no one is available. You have no idea what to do, who to
talk to and what to say. Chatbot AI is your new best friend. Essentially, it can take over basic human interaction and problems,
answering even the most absurd questions. An artificial intelligence chatbot provides support and guidance. But there are some
aspects that AI can not replace, things like having a physical person in front of you. Still, you feel a bit better knowing you have
some support. The 1980s were referred to as the rapid “AI boom.” Joseph Weizenbaum, a professor at the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, developed the first chatbot to simulate an entertaining human conversation. He envisioned it as taking
on the persona of a psychotherapist. Its original purpose was “to make machines use language, form abstractions and concepts,
solve the kinds of problems now reserved for humans and improve themselves.” Ideally, a user would input a message on an
electric typewriter linked to a mainframe, and shortly after, the “psychotherapist” would respond. Decades later, in 2017,
chatbots finally became recognized as a stable form of communication. Because of continuous innovations in technology,
chatbots have been created as a type of artificial intelligence application that poses as a sort of digital friend that you can lean on.
“…chatbots have been created as a type of artificial…” Which verb tense is expressed in “Have been created”?
Ano: 2020Banca: GSA CONCURSOSOrganização: Prefeitura de Romelândia - SCDisciplina: Língua InglesaTemas: Presente Perfeito | Verbos
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CRIMINALS HAVE SMALLER BRAIN SIZE, SAYS STUDY
A new study has found that antisocial people are more likely to have smaller areas of their brain. Researchers said criminals' brains had a different structure to the brains of people who followed the law. The study is published in the journal "Lancet Psychiatry". Researchers used data from 672 people born in 1972-73. They looked at records of the people's antisocial behaviour between the ages of seven and 26. At the age of 45, the researchers scanned the people's brains. Eighty of the people had a history of criminal and antisocial behaviour from being early teenagers. Researchers found that the areas of the brain linked to emotions, motivation and behaviour control were smaller in the long-term criminals' brains.
Professor Terrie Moffitt, a co-author of the research, said the research could help doctors understand what is behind long-term antisocial behaviour. She said the antisocial people in the study may have behaved badly because of their brain structure. She said: "They are actually operating under some [disability] at the level of the brain." She added that because of this, we needed to care for these people in a kinder way. Lead author Dr Christina Carlisi said: "Differences in brain structure might make it difficult for people to develop social skills. This may prevent them from engaging in antisocial behaviour. These people could benefit from more support throughout their lives."
Available on: https://breakingnewsenglish.com/2002/200221-brain-size.html Accessed on: March, 20th 2020.
“A new study has found that antisocial people...” In this excerpt we have an example
of:
Ano: 2014Banca: FUNCABOrganização: SEE-ACDisciplina: Língua InglesaTemas: Passado Simples | Passado Contínuo | Futuro Simples | Presente Perfeito | Verbos
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Read the text below and answer the questions that follow:
Teaching English as a foreign language teacher: job description
Teaching English as a foreign language (TEFL) involves teaching adults and children whose first or main language is not English. This can be done in the UK or abroad and the students may be learning English for either business or leisure reasons.
Teaching English to speakers of other languages (TESOL) is also a widely used term and often means the same thing as TEFL. It’s sometimes specifically used to refer to teaching English to people who are living in the UK but who do not speak English as a first language. These students are most commonly refugees and immigrants and need to learn the language in order to help them settle into the UK society.Their courses are often government funded.
Teaching English as a second language (TESL) or teaching English as an additional language (TEAL) may also be terms that are used but they generally all refer to the same thing - teaching English to someone whose native language is not English.
Teachers of English as a foreign language can work in a variety of settingswith different age ranges. This can include commercial language schools, schools and institutions of further and higher education throughout the UK and overseas. Some may also teach in industry, while others are self-employed. Classes are usually taught in English, evenwith beginners. Teaching English as a foreign language teacher: job description
Adapted from: < www.prospects.ac.uk/case-studies-working- abroad>
Teaching English as a foreign language teacher: job description
Teaching English as a foreign language (TEFL) involves teaching adults and children whose first or main language is not English. This can be done in the UK or abroad and the students may be learning English for either business or leisure reasons.
Teaching English to speakers of other languages (TESOL) is also a widely used term and often means the same thing as TEFL. It’s sometimes specifically used to refer to teaching English to people who are living in the UK but who do not speak English as a first language. These students are most commonly refugees and immigrants and need to learn the language in order to help them settle into the UK society.Their courses are often government funded.
Teaching English as a second language (TESL) or teaching English as an additional language (TEAL) may also be terms that are used but they generally all refer to the same thing - teaching English to someone whose native language is not English.
Teachers of English as a foreign language can work in a variety of settingswith different age ranges. This can include commercial language schools, schools and institutions of further and higher education throughout the UK and overseas. Some may also teach in industry, while others are self-employed. Classes are usually taught in English, evenwith beginners. Teaching English as a foreign language teacher: job description
Adapted from: < www.prospects.ac.uk/case-studies-working- abroad>
Read these sentences:
1. I studied English five years ago.
2. I was studying Englishwhen the telephone rang.
3. Have you ever studied French?
4. I amgoing to study Spanish next year.
Choose the correct alternative.
1. I studied English five years ago.
2. I was studying Englishwhen the telephone rang.
3. Have you ever studied French?
4. I amgoing to study Spanish next year.
Choose the correct alternative.
Ano: 2021Banca: NBS Organização: Prefeitura de Irati - PRDisciplina: Língua InglesaTemas: Verbos | Presente Perfeito
Which alternative is wrong as the use of the Present Perfect:
..