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Ano: 2018Banca: INSTITUTO AOCPOrganização: PRODEBDisciplina: Língua InglesaTemas: Compreensão de Texto
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Team Composition
In a large organization, it is often the case that different roles emerge. In Tayloristic teams, these different roles are grouped together as a number of role-based teams each of which contains members of the same role. In contrast, agile teams use cross-functional teams. Such a team draws together individuals performing all defined roles. Rotations from one role to another are common. It is also possible to have highly specialized experts (for example, security analysts and usability engineers) shared among several teams in an organization.
One advantage to role-based teams is that teams whose work products are independent of each other can work in parallel as long as there is not much knowledge flow among the different functional sub-team. However, in knowledgeintensive software development that demands information flow from different functional sub teams, role-based teams tend to lead to islands of knowledge and difficulty in its sharing among all the teams. As hand-offs between teams usually are based on document flow, the knowledge of one team that is required by the other team must be externalized and documented. Although reviews try to minimize the knowledge loss, externalization and documentation processes cannot guarantee that all knowledge is captured and even if most of it was rigorously captured, there is still no guarantee or way to check its correctness till the project sign-off.
Cross-functional teams should be used to facilitate better knowledge transfer. This is especially the case for agile methods since they are recommended to be used where there is a lot of uncertainty and unknown knowledge about the domain and system requirements, and the technologies to be used are new and unexplored.
Adaptado de: CHAU THOMAS, MAURER FRANK e MELNIK GRIGORI. Knowledge Sharing: Agile Methods vs. Tayloristic Methods. (WETICE´03) Proceedings of the Twelft IEEE International Workshop on Enabling Technologies: Infrastructure for Collaborative Enterprises, 2003.
According to the text, what should be an
agile time?
The following are aspects or concerns of a Genre Approach to English as a second language:
I. The relationship between texts and their contexts.
II. The purpose or intention of a text.
III. Reader has the main role.
IV. Writing as a social activity.
V. Teacher’s role is authoritarian.
Choose the CORRECT option:
Ano: 2021Banca: FEPESEOrganização: Prefeitura de Campos Novos - SCDisciplina: Língua InglesaTemas: Compreensão de Texto
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Polar bears and climate changing
When we think about global warming and climate
change, we usually think ________________how it is going
to affect humans. However, we need to think about
animals, too. Many species will be threatened
______________________ extinction by the end of this century
if climate change is not halted. One of these is the
world’s largest land predator, the polar bear. This magnificent native ___________________ the Arctic previously had
no natural enemy apart _______________________man, but is now
under threat from nature itself. Because of melting sea
ice, it is likely that more polar bears will soon starve,
warns a new study that discovered the large carnivores
need to eat 60 percent more than anyone had realized.
Polar bears use floating ice as a platform to hunt
seals from. They eat a large volume of food during
the winter, storing enough fat under their skin to last
them through the summer months. When the ice
melts in the spring, many travel south to places such
as Churchill, Canada, returning north when the seas
freeze again, usually around October. Now, however,
the winter ice is melting earlier and forming later. The
bears’ store of fat runs out, and some starve to death.
Other bears are drowning, because many of the ice
platforms have melted, and some bears have to swim
over a hundred kilometres from one ice platform to
another. Due to exhaustion or stormy weather, some
never make it to their destinations.
Why are polar bears starving?
Ano: 2019Banca: VUNESPOrganização: Prefeitura de Cerquilho - SPDisciplina: Língua InglesaTemas: Verbos Modais | Vocabulário | Compreensão de Texto | Verbos
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I have suggested that many, if not most teachers, could usefully adjust the values they emphasise. Here, three of them:
1. From Short-Term to Long-Term Aims
Learning a foreign language can be a valuable, long-term personal asset for the student. lt can be inhibited by over-emphasising short-term objectives — tests, pressure to speak before you are ready etc.
2. From Knowledge to Skill
Knowledge involves answers and explanations and is necessary, but not sufficient. What matters is not what you know, but what you can do. ‘Knowing’ a foreign language may be interesting; the ability to use it is life-enhancing.
3. From Accuracy to Communication
Successful communication always involves at least limited accuracy. Accuracy need not involve communication at all. Communication is a wider, more useful concept; successful language is more valuable than language which is only accurate.
(Michael Lewis. The lexical approach. 2002. Adaptado)
In the sentence “What matters is not what you know, but
what you can do”, the underlined verb indicates
[…] a series of hypotheses that make up a coherent theory of second language acquisition. According to the
rules of scientific method, it will always be "just theory" and never be "definitely proven". The hypotheses I
will present have, however, been found to be consistent with a significant amount of data, experimental and
otherwise, and have not yet been confronted with serious counterexamples, in my view. They make up,
collectively, my "position". This does not mean that I necessarily "believe" them. What it does mean is that
these hypotheses are consistent enough with existing data to be worthy of consideration, and that they
appear to capture the data better than other existing generalizations.
KRASHEN, Stephen. Principles and practice in second language acquisition. (1982, p. 02)
O linguista estadunidense Stephen Krashen é conhecido mundialmente por sua teoria de Second language
aquisition. Em seu trabalho, ele elaborou uma teoria geral sustentada por cinco hipóteses que visam
analisar e explicar como um falante adquire uma segunda língua. Dentre as alternativas abaixo, qual não é
uma hipótese proposta por Krashen?
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Lucy’s Big Brother Reveals New Facets of her Species
First came Lucy. Then came Lucy’s baby, an infant of her species. Now comes Lucy’s “big brother”: the partial skeleton of a
large male of Australopithecus afarensis, unveiled this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The roughly
40% complete skeleton has been nicknamed Kadanuumuu, which means “big man” in the Afar language of the Afar Depression of
Ethiopia, where it was found. “It was huge – a big man, with long legs”, says lead author Yohannes Haile-Selassie, a
palaeoanthropologist at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History in Ohio.
Dated to 3.6 million years ago, the new skeleton is almost half a million years older than Lucy and the second oldest
skeleton found of a possible human ancestor. It had long legs and a torso and a pelvis more like those of a modern human than an
African ape, showing that fully upright walking was in place at this early date, Haile-Selassie says. Although headless, the skeleton
also preserves parts not found before in Lucy’s species. “It is important because it provides the ribs and scapula”, says
palaeoanthropologist Carol Ward of the University of Missouri, Columbia.
In 2005, a sharp-eyed member of Haile-Selassie’s team, Alemayehu Asfaw, spotted a fragment of lower arm bone on the
ground at Woranso-Mille, about 48 kilometers north of Lucy’s grave at Hadar. Over the next 4 years, the team unearthed the
shoulder blade, collarbone, ribs, and neck vertebra, the first time those bones were found together in an A. afarensis adult. The
team also found a pelvis, an arm, and leg bones. Although they never found the skull or teeth, which are typically used to assign
species, the skeleton’s age and similarity to Lucy suggest that it belongs to her species, says co-author Owen Lovejoy of Kent State
University in Ohio.
The robust male stood between 1.5 and 1.7 meters tall, about 30% larger than Lucy. Isolated bones of other individuals
suggest that some males were even larger, so the new skeleton doesn’t settle a long-standing debate over just how much sexual
dimorphism there was in A. afarensis, Lovejoy says. The shoulder blade looks more like that of a gorilla and a modern human than
that of a chimpanzee. The curvature of the second rib suggests a wide rib cage at the top and a barrel shape overall, similar to that
of modern humans and distinct from the more funnel-shaped rib cage of a chimpanzee, the authors say.
(Science Magazine, 25 June 2010.)
Are the statements true (T) or false (F), according to the text?
( ) The new skeleton was really Lucy’s brother.
( ) The new skeleton is almost 100% complete.
( ) The new skeleton is larger than that of Lucy.
( ) The new skeleton is similar to a chimpanzee.
( ) The team spent four years excavating for bones.
Mark the alternative which presents the correct sequence, from top to bottom.
Ano: 2022Banca: AGIRHOrganização: Prefeitura de Roseira - SPDisciplina: Língua InglesaTemas: Compreensão de Texto
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Text: “How to spot fake news”
Every time you're online, you are bombarded by pictures, articles, links and videos trying to tell their story. Unfortunately, not all of these stories are true. Sometimes they want you to click on another story or advertisement at their own site, other times they want to upset people for political reasons. These days it's so easy to share information. These stories circulate quickly, and the result is … fake news.
There is a range of fake news: from crazy stories which people easily recognize to more subtle types of misinformation. Experts in media studies and online psychology have been examining the fake news phenomenon. Read these tips, and don't get fooled!
1. Check the source
Look at the website where the story comes from. Does it look real? Is the text well written? Are there a variety of other stories or is it just one story? Fake news websites often use addresses that sound like real newspapers, but don't have many real stories about other topics. If you aren't sure, click on the 'About' page and look for a clear description of the organization.
2. Watch out for fake photos
Many fake news stories use images that are Photoshopped or taken from an unrelated site. Sometimes, if you just look closely at an image, you can see if it has been changed. Or use a tool like Google Reverse Image search. It will show you if the same image has been used in other contexts.
3. Check the story is in other places
Look to see if the story you are reading is on other news sites that you know and trust. If you do find it on many other sites, then it probably isn't fake (although there are some exceptions), as many big news organizations try to check their sources before they publish a story.
4. Look for other signs
There are other techniques that fake news uses. These include using ALL CAPS and lots of ads that pop up when you click on a link. Also, think about how the story makes you feel. If the news story makes you angry, it's probably designed to make you angry.
If you know these things about online news, and can apply them in your everyday life, then you have the control over what to read, what to believe and most importantly what to share. If you find a news story that you know is fake, the most important advice is: don't share it!
Questions related to the text: “How to spot fake news”
Fake news stories …
Ano: 2024Banca: OBJETIVAOrganização: Prefeitura de Catuípe - RSDisciplina: Língua InglesaTemas: Compreensão de Texto
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Birth of Venus is one of the most famous paintings
in the world. It was painted by Alessandro di Mariano
Filipepi, known as Sandro Botticelli, who was an Italian
painter of the Florentine School that emerged in the
early Renaissance period. In mythology, Venus wasconceived when the Titan Cronus castrated his father, the god Uranus, whose severed genitals fertilized the sea.
Venus was
conceived when the Titan Cronus castrated his father, the
god Uranus, whose severed genitals fertilized the sea.
Venus is an arrestingly beautiful figure with her
delicate skin and soft-flowing curls fresh from the sea.
Historically, this is the most important depicted nude since
classical antiquity.
Apart from its artistic quality, Birth of Venus is
noteworthy for having been the first known Tuscan work of
art to be painted on canvas, which is now standard but was
then revolutionary, with paintings customarily done on more
expensive wood panels. It was restored in 1987 to heighten
the bright vividness of the painting as it first appeared, an
effect achieved by the use of lustrous alabaster powder and
gold leaf.
(Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica — adaptation.)
Regarding the text, check the CORRECT item:
Ano: 2018Banca: OBJETIVAOrganização: Prefeitura de Navegantes - SCDisciplina: Língua InglesaTemas: Compreensão de Texto
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“Tomato crisis” spreads panic in Nigeria
Making jollof rice, a beloved traditional dish in Nigeria, has suddenly become very expensive. Tomatoes, one of its main ingredients and a staple of Nigerian cuisine, are going for $2 each ____ local markets, with wholesale baskets costing as much as N42,000, or $212, Kaduna state agriculture commissioner Manzo Daniel told AFP.
The culprit is a moth called Tuta absoluta, which has destroyed crops in the northern Kaduna state, forcing the local government to declare a state of emergency. “It is a serious problem. The disease has affected production and consumption, prices are continuing to rise and there is no availability,” Shehu Sani, Senator for Kaduna Central, told CNN.
The area, which contributes strongly to Nigeria’s overall production, has already seen losses of millions of dollars, according to Sani. “Many depend ____ tomato farming for their livelihood and tomatoes are an indispensable part of the diet. People cannot do without them,” he said.
The tomato crisis comes on the heels of a recent fuel shortage and a general rise in commodity prices due to inflation and a lack of foreign currency. In local towns, the problem has been labeled “Tomato Ebola”. “People are panicking, because attaching that name to a staple food has worsened the situation,” said Sani. Even those who can afford to buy find it difficult to trust any tomato product, and some have started buying imported tinned tomatoes. “Nobody knows now which tomatoes are safe to eat and some people are avoiding them altogether.”
Nigerians have taken to Twitter to lament the situation, pointing out ____ playful disbelief that while they have to pay dearly for tomatoes, at an annual festival in Spain they are wasted for fun. The next ‘La Tomatina’ festival isn’t due until August, but ____ then Nigerians hope they’ll have gone back to tomato-normality.
Adapted from CNN. Accessed on May 27, 2016.
According to the text, the expression “culprit”, in “The culprit is a moth called…,” (2nd paragraph), carries the idea of:
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Text 3
'Blitz' review: In wartime London, a family's search for sanity
Adam Graham
By Detroit News Film Critic
A mother and her son are separated in wartime London in "Blitz," director Steve McQueen's drama
about clinging onto hope in the middle of chaos.
British actress Saoirse Ronan is Rita, who has to say goodbye to her son George (newcomer Elliott
Heffernan, in his first role), who joins the thousands of children who are sent by train to live in the
English countryside as Germany throws bombs on London during World War II.
Their parting is tense. "Don't forget to be a good boy," she tells him, all love. "I hate you," George
replies. The boy, who is bi-racial and never knew his father, is scared by the situation and terrified
to be on his own.
Midway into his journey, he jumps off the train to make his way back to London on foot. He ends up
in a series of mini-adventures that play out like chapters in a Charles Dickens novel.
Director McQueen efficiently identifies beauty even in the darkest of spaces, whether in a subway
station where people are taking cover from air raids, or in the neighborhoods destroyed by bombs.
For McQueen, the diversity of London is a constant issue in the film as is the prevalence of racism.
"Blitz" is a story of struggle and never giving up in the face of imminent doom.
Available at: https://www.detroitnews.com/story/entertainment/movies/2024/11/21/blitz-review-in-wartime-london-afamilys-search-for-sanity/76474861007/ Access at: 27 Nov. 2024. Adapted.
The reason behind George’s rude reply to his mother’s recommendation is the fact that:
..