Questões

Leia o texto a seguir e responda as questões de 30 a 40:

We crowded round, and over Miss Cathy's head I had a peep at a dirty, ragged, black-haired child; big enough both to walk and talk: indeed, its face looked older than Catherine's; yet when it was set on its feet, it only stared round, and repeated over and over again some gibberish that nobody could understand. I was frightened, and Mrs. Earnshaw was ready to fling it out of doors: she did fly up, asking how he could fashion to bring that gipsy brat into the house, when they had their own bairns to feed and fend for? What he meant to do with it, and whether he were mad? The master tried to explain the matter; but he was really half dead with fatigue, and all that I could make out, amongst her scolding, was a tale of his seeing it starving, and houseless, and as good as dumb, in the streets of Liverpool, where he picked it up and inquired for its owner. Not a soul knew to whom it belonged, he said; and his money and time being both limited, he thought it better to take it home with him at once, than run into vain expenses there: because he was determined he would not leave it as he found it. Well, the conclusion was, that my mistress grumbled herself calm; and Mr. Earnshaw told me to wash it, and give it clean things, and let it sleep with the children.

Hindley and Cathy contented themselves with looking and listening till peace was restored: then, both began searching their father's pockets for the presents he had promised them. The former was a boy of fourteen, but when he drew out what had been a fiddle, crushed to morsels in the great-coat, he blubbered aloud; and Cathy, when she learned the master had lost her whip in attending on the stranger, showed her humour by grinning and spitting at the stupid little thing; earning for her pains a sound blow from her father, to teach her cleaner manners. They entirely refused to have it in bed with them, or even in their room; and I had no more sense, so I put it on the landing of the stairs, hoping it might he gone on the morrow. By chance, or else attracted by hearing his voice, it crept to Mr. Earnshaw's door, and there he found it on quitting his chamber. Inquiries were made as to how it got there; I was obliged to confess, and in recompense for my cowardice and inhumanity was sent out of the house.

BRONTE, Emily. Wuthering Heights. London: Thomas Cautley Newby, 1847

As concepções do islamismo e do cristianismo haviam se modificado. Seus modos de pensar eram semelhantes em 1900. Nessa época, as nações cristãs zelavam pela instituição da família, eram mais atentas ao uso excessivo do álcool e consideravam o domingo um dia sagrado. Sua atitude em relação às mulheres era mais parecida com a atitude dos islâmicos do que é hoje. Os crimes mais graves eram vistos com mais severidade e frequentemente punidos com a morte. O domingo em Iowa tinha muito em comum com a sexta-feira no Cairo. Nos cem anos que se seguiram, as nações cristãs se tornaram mais seculares. O modo de vida norte-americano fazia propaganda do álcool e das drogas, além de tolerar aventuras sexuais e rebeldia dos jovens. Os muçulmanos mais devotos rejeitavam o espírito mercantilista, o consumismo e a moral frouxa que o Ocidente ostentava através da televisão, dos filmes de Hollywood e do estilo de vida das estrelas pop internacionais. O Islã deplorava as rápidas mudanças do Ocidente, e o Ocidente deplorava a lentidão das mudanças no Islã. O Ocidente lamentava a falta de liberdades pessoais do Islã, e o Islã lamentava o que o Ocidente havia feito com a própria liberdade. Nas décadas seguintes, o Islã vicejou. Hábil em conservar seus fiéis, empenhava-se em atrair mais partidários. As crianças muçulmanas abraçavam a religião dos pais – e as famílias costumavam ser numerosas. Em 1893, os muçulmanos representavam cerca de 12% da população global; exatamente um século mais tarde, esse índice havia chegado aos 18%. Era a segunda religião em número de fiéis, maior que o número de hinduístas e budistas somados. Os cristãos ainda eram mais numerosos, com um terço da população do planeta, mas sua liderança estava – e está - sob ameaça. Atualmente, estima-se que 1,6 bilhão de pessoas professem a religião islâmica.

(BLAINEY, Geoffrey. Uma breve história do século XX. São Paulo: Fundamento, 2011, p. 165).