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Sounds (phonemes) are represented by phonetic
symbols, for example /bi:t/ for ‘beat’. In English, however, there
is no one-to-one correspondence between written letters and
spoken sounds. Thus the ‘c’ of ‘cat’ is pronounced differently
from the ‘c’ in ‘cease’. ‘Though’, ‘through’ and ‘rough’ all have
the ‘-ou-’ spelling, but it is pronounced differently in each case.
Different spellings can have the same sound too: ‘plane’ and
‘gain’ both have the same vowel sound, but they are spelt
differently.
(Jeremy Harmer. How to teach English, 1998. Adaptado)