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For nearly two hundred years, much of Asia was under
the rule of the Seleucid dynasty. Despite the family's
origins tracing back to Macedonia and its members
presenting themselves as Macedonian kings par
excellence, the sheer diversity of their subjects meant
they needed to contend with the many non-Greek
cultures that they now ruled over. The greatest body of
evidence for the Seleucids accommodating to local
traditions can be found in Mesopotamia, more specifically
in Babylon. Though it had been centuries since the last
native ruler, Babylon and its elite would hold great sway in the imperial ideology of their new Seleucid masters.
Babylon is where the founder Seleucus I Nicator first took
power, and Mesopotamia remained a heartland of the
empire until it was captured by the Parthians in the late
second century BC.
From the earliest days of the dynasty's history, Babylonia
was integral to the rise of the Seleucids. Alexander the
Great had designated it as the capital of his newly
conquered empire down to his untimely death in 323, and
the city is where the standing regent Perdiccas ran
operations until his own murder just a few years later in
321. As a reward for taking part in the assassination,
Seleucus was granted governorship of Babylonia. His
position was soon threatened by the ambitious Antigonus
Monopthalmus, forcing Seleucus and his family to flee to
the court of Ptolemy I in Egypt in 315. He was eventually
able to return in the spring of 311, but faced off against
Antigonid forces who besieged the city and ravaged the
countryside for two years. Once the "Babylonian War"
was brought to an end, Seleucus would take the title of
king in 306, and Mesopotamia was to serve as the
foundation of his burgeoning empire. The area was badly
affected during the fighting, but Babylonia was exempt
from any further devastation as later wars were contained
to the eastern Mediterranean. In time it would prosper
once again, now under the patronage of Seleucus and
his son Antiochus I Soter (r. 281-261), and it is during
Antiochus' reign that we find our earliest and strongest
evidence of Seleucid-Babylonian accommodation.
In the excavations of Borsippa, located 18 km southwest
of Babylon, a barrel-shaped piece of clay with Akkadian
cuneiform was discovered under the Temple of Ezida,
devoted to the Mesopotamian god Nabû. It bears a
striking similarity to the famous "Cyrus Cylinder", a
deposit made in the Temple of Esagila under the
authority of Cyrus the Great of Persia in 539 BC. While
often misleadingly described as the "first bill of human
rights", its main purpose is to broadcast the legitimacy of
Cyrus as the new ruler of Babylon. The cylinder of Ezida
was placed during the reign of Antiochus I in 268 to
celebrate the rebuilding of the temple, which was likely
damaged during the Babylonian War, and operates under
very similar principles:
I am Antiochus, the great king, the legitimate king, the
king of the world, king of Babylon, king of all countries,
the caretaker of the temples Esagila and Ezida, the first
son of King Seleucus, the Macedonian, king of Babylon
When I conceived the idea of (re)constructing Esagila
and Ezida, I formed with my august hands (when I was
still) in the country Hatti [Syria] the (first) brick for Esagila
and Ezida with the finest oil and brought (it with me) for
the laying of the foundation of Esagila and Ezida.
Other tablets record Antiochus' activities in Babylon, such
as his sacrifice to the moon god Sin and the rebuilding of
the temple of Esagila, where he ended up using teams of
elephants to clear much of the ruins and debris. While
providing a sacrifice at Esagila, the king is said to have
tripped and tumbled to the ground, a bad omen by any
estimation. It seems not to have affected him much, and he performed "a Greek sacrifice" to counteract any
negative energy this may have incurred. Through his
maintenance and patronage of the temples, Antiochus is
fulfilling his duties as the legitimate king of Babylon, and
the titles employed in the cylinder ("king of the world",
"great king" etc.) are directly taken from earlier
Babylonian, Persian, and Assyrian models. Queen
Stratonice I also receives special honors on the cylinder:
her titles in Akkadian are normally reserved for
goddesses, and her name is translated into A?tartanikku
("Astarte-fornicating").
This policy of accommodation and respect of the local
traditions would have served Antiochus well as he sought
to consolidate his father's empire, and it might also be
reflected in his personal staff. Bêl-re'u?unu, better known
by his Greek name Berossus, was a Babylonian official
serving in in the court of Seleucus and Antiochus I. He is
most famous as the author of the "Babyloniaca", a history
of Babylonia written in Greek that is now lost, but partially
survives in fragments and quotations.[9] While the style is
evocative of authors like Herodotus, it catalogued the
mythology and traditions of Mesopotamia. Berossus may
have been compelled to write it in order to legitimize
Babylonian culture for a Greek audience, or to act as a
handbook for Antiochus, to whom the book is dedicated.
Antiochus was born and raised in Babylon, having never
laid eyes on Macedonia, and so we might not need to
view his apparent affinity for local traditions as a matter of
pragmatism. The line in the Antiochus Cylinder referring
to his father as "King Seleucus, the Macedonian" is
unusual, since it can either be interpreted as Antiochus
stressing his own Greco-Macedonian ancestry or an
attempt to distinguish himself as a king reared in the
Babylonian model.
https://www.hellenistichistory.com/2023/09/11/hellenistic-babylon-and-s
eleucid-imperial-ideology/